Haemorrhagic Septicemia (HS)

Agent causing
- Pasteurella multocida B: 2 or B: 6
 
Differential diagnosis
- Anthrax
- Blackleg
- Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
 
Basic Information / History
- Higher rates of infection and death
- Transfer by air and swallowed
- Pressure in the transfer, change of weather or other memdadak pressure
 
Clinical signs
- Acute or perakut, died within 8 to 24 hours
- Weakness, fever (41 - 42C), cough
- Discharge of saliva, eye and nose
- Edema, swelling of the throat to the neck and 'brisket'
- Respiratory disorders, difficulty breathing and died within a few hours
 
Postmortem Lesions
- Extensive bleeding spots (generalized petechial and hyperemia)
- Edema (straw-color serous fluid) in the beredema
- Bloody fluid in the 'pericardial sac, Thoracic and abdominal cavities'
- Bleeding spots (petechial), especially in the 'pharyngeal and cervical lymph nodes'
- A bit of pneumonia specimen
- Internal organs, mucous discharge, liquid (Thoracic / pericardial), blood from the heart
 
Control and Prevention
- Vaccination
- Treatment dengsn ampicillin, penicillin-streptomycine, tetracycline, erythromycin, sulfonamide, tylosin, trimethoprim-sulfa

Pasteurellosis

Agent causing
- Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida (type A and D)

Differential diagnosis
- Mycoplasma pneumonia
- Respiratory hemophilosis

Basic Information / History
- Transfer by air or swallowed
- Children are more susceptible newborn
- Familiarity occurs a few days after transfer, abrupt climate change and other pressure

Clinical signs
- Cough, 'mucopurulent nasal discharge, lack of eat, weakness, difficulty breathing (dypsnea) with 'abdominal and Shallow Breathing respiration '
- Maybe mixed infections with other bacteria or virus

Postmortem Lesions
- Usually 'Antero-ventral lobe' lung involved
- 'Clear demarcation of consolidation' in the lung lungs
- 'Fibrinous brochopneumonia'
- Thickening pleural and sometimes stick
- Frothy fluid in the trachea

Specimen
- Discharge of mucus, lungs, liquid (Thoracic and pericardial)

Control and Prevention
- Separate the entire Yogyakarta province livestock angkiti
- Treatment with ampicillin, tylosin, penicillin-streptomycine, tetracycline, sulfonamides, erythromycine, trimethoprim-sulfas

Paratubercolosis

agent causing
- Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

Differential diagnosis
- Amyloidosis
- Bovine viral diarhoea
- Fascioliasis

Basic Information
- The entry of animals from endemic areas
- Insertion livestock imports

Clinical signs
- Chronic 'Intermittent diarhoea'
- The decline in milk production
- Edema the submandibular

Post-Mortem Lesions
- Lesions typical 'corrugation' on the mucosal membrane
the small and large intestine, particularly the ileum
- Swelling of the mesenteric glands

specimen
- feces
- Lesions in the intestine and ileo-caecal
- Glands in mesenteric

Control and Prevention
- Serological tests scheduled
- Asingsingkir animal tested positive to test segregation of 'rectal-pinch'

Bovine Brucellosis

Agent causing
- Brucella abortion
 
Differential diagnosis
- Campylobacteriosis
- Salmonellosis
- Leptospirosis
 
Basic Information / History
- The entry of infected animals from Herd
- Several times a miscarriage in the middle or end of content
 
Clinical signs
- Miscarriage
- Snap placenta
- There were no symptoms in the animal is not pregnant.
- Swelling of 'scrotum' in males
 
Post-Mortem Lesions
- No significant lesions
- Necrosis in the placenta
- Inflammation of the fetal tissue loss.
- Lesions granuloma and necrosis in several organs.
 
Specimen
- Fetal tissue (stomach contents, small intestine, CECUM)
- Milk
- Glands (lymph nodes)
- 'Lochia'
- testes
 
Control and Prevention
- Test and culled
- Serological tests are scheduled
- Quarantine livestock imports
- Vaccination

Blackleg

Agent causing
- Clostridium chauvoei


Differential diagnosis
- Anthrax
- Haemorrhagic septicemia
- Malignant edema
- Lead or nitrate poisoning
 
Basic Information / History
- Information on vaccinations
- Disease occurs in 'acute / peracute'
- Familiarity in livestock between 8 months - 2 years
Clinical signs
- Fever
- Swelling of the skin, the sound of 'crepitation' when pressed
- Hot and swelling and pain in the area became cold and lost in pain
- Edema and 'empyhsema'
- lame
- Died between 12 to 36 hours after symptoms
 
Post-mortem
- 'Emphysema' under the skin.
- Berlesi the gland to swell
- Bleed fluid out of the hole in the body, especially the anus.
- Bloating and 'putrefaction' local lesions
- Slice the muscle tissue appear blackish with odor 'Rancid' in the tissue swells
- 'Methalic Sheen' on the surface of the slices and 'sanguinous fluid' containing gas bubbles
- Excess fluid in the body cavity that contains fibrin and blood specimen
- Beredema tissue, heart, blood and muscle tissue sections
 
Control and Prevention
- Vaccination in the 'enzootic'
- Disinfection of the safe and livestock enclosures

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

Foot and Mouth Disease FMD caused by Aphthovirus from the Picornaviridae family can infect animals such as buffaloes, cows, deer, goats, sheep, pigs, deer and animals with a cloven hoof. The species FMD virus consists of seven immunologically distinct serotypes named O, A, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3. SAT short form for South African Territories (SAT). 

FMD  very easy to spread (morbidity up to 100%) and can cause loss which is high in the livestock industry. Infections in animals without immunity can be serious and cause death among young animals. The vaccine for a particular serotype does not protect the livestock from being infected by another virus serotype. 

The incidence of FMD virus incubation period from 2 to 8 days. The clinical signs of the disease include lumps, saliva, drunken dysfunction, sharpening of the nails, vesicles on the surface of the tongue, gums, lips, mouth and nipple.

Clinical signs
- Fever
- Loss of appetite
- Foamy saliva and stringed
- Lesions vesicle, blistered and scabby on the nose, gums, lips, tongue and gums
- Lame, scabby lesions around the toenails interrupted and specimen
- Liquid 'vesicle' and epithelia tissue of the tongue and feet.
 
Control and Prevention
- Vaccination
- Farm Biosecurity
- Control of movement
- Control slaughter

Rabbit Breed: Oryctolagus cuniculus

Scientific Name: Oryctolagus cuniculus
Breed: New Zealand White X New Simonare X Californian
Food: Commercial Pallet & Foliage Green
Adults: 60-120 g / day
Child: 50 g / day
Weight Loss: Can reach 2 kg of body weight in 2 months
Breeding: Gestation Period: 28-31 days
The preparation of the nest box: At day 26
Ratio and the parent breeds: 1 Males: 5 Females
Birth: 6-9 calves seperanakan
Rabbit children: When born no fur, blind and deaf.
After 8 days will grow fur, eyes and ears
will work.
Children are weaned rabbits when aged 1 month

Cow Breed: Shorthorn

Name: Shorthorn
Breed: temperate breeds (Bos taurus)
Origin: Australia
Features: Less resistant to weather, moisture, disease, ticks
Solid body, dark red / brown.
Need quality food
Birth weight of 30 kg. Higher weight gain
Precocious. Mature weight 330 kg
Less fertility in tropical
Good carcass quality.

Deer Breed: Deer timorensis

Name: Deer timorensis
Breed: Cervus timorensis
Origin: Mauritius Islands
Features: Easy to adapt to climate and management in Malaysia
Resistant to weather, moisture, disease, ticks
Being able to use and low-quality food processing
Birth weight of 10 kg. Higher weight gain
Mature quickly and reproduce well. Male adult weight of 80kg, 60kg, female
Very good carcass quality.

Buffalo Breed: Albino Buffalo / Balau

Name: Albino Buffalo / Balau
Breed: Bubalus bubalis
Origin: Malaysia
Features: Resistant to weather, moisture, disease, ticks
Solid body, reddish white (albino). Usually gray
Being able to use and low-quality food processing
Birth weight 35kg. Higher weight gain
Slow cooked, because of low fertility rate
Very good carcass quality.

Buffalo Breed: Albino Buffalo / Balau

Name: Albino Buffalo / Balau
Breed: Bubalus bubalis
Origin: Malaysia
Features: Resistant to weather, moisture, disease, ticks
Solid body, reddish white (albino). Usually gray
Being able to use and low-quality food processing
Birth weight 35kg. Higher weight gain
Slow cooked, because of low fertility rate
Very good carcass quality.

Buffalo Breed:

Name: Albino Buffalo / Balau
Breed: Bubalus bubalis
Origin: Malaysia
Features: Resistant to weather, moisture, disease, ticks
Solid body, reddish white (albino). Usually gray
Being able to use and low-quality food processing
Birth weight 35kg. Higher weight gain
Slow cooked, because of low fertility rate
Very good carcass quality.

Cow Breed: Brahman Cross

Name: Brahman Cross
Breed: temperate breed (Bos taurus)
Origin: Australia
Features: Less resistant to weather, moisture, disease, ticks
Solid body, dark red / brown.
Need quality food
Birth weight of 30 kg. Higher weight gain
Precocious. Mature weight 330 kg
Used exclusively for the purpose cattle.
Good carcass quality.

Cow Breed: Charolois

Name: Charolois
Breed: temperate breed (Bos taurus)
Origin: France
Features: Less resistant to weather, moisture, disease, ticks
Solid body, cream color
Need quality food
Birth weight of 45 kg. Higher weight gain
Slow cooked. Mature weight 700 kg.
In a tropical climate, low fertility levels
Good carcass quality.

Cow Breed: Kedah-Kelantan (KK)

Name: Kedah-Kelantan (KK)
Breed: tropical breed (Bos indicus)
Origin: Local (Malaysia)
Features: Resistant to weather, moisture, disease, lice.
Solid body, various colors brown, black, brown and yellow.
Being able to use and process low-quality food.
Birth weight of 14-16 kg. Low weight gain.
Slow to adult. Mature weight 200-250 kg.
High fertility levels. Meat yield 45% of body weight

The floor height

Floor height (from ground usually up from > 5 feet.  Normally 6 feet (1.4 m). This is to facilitate throw feces. If too low, the goats were exposed to DRP urine ammonia evaporation at night can cause pneumonia. Suitable if farmers embrace of a campfire under the stables. The floor spacing 5/8 "(1.5 cm) for scant lings 1" X 2 "(2.5 x 5 cm). Lands under the pen should be higher 8" from the edge - the water does not get into under a sheep barn space for adults - 1 sq m 0.5 m square and young a good floor properties - durable, non-slip, easy to clean, resistant to chemicals, resistant to wet and humid conditions.

Factors that influence water quality

     Fotosistesis
     temperature
     Dissolved oxygen
     Planton
     Water pH
     Fish Waste
     ammonia


Many water quality parameters such as DO, CO2, pH round, fish waste is controlled by the reaction carried out by phytoplankton photosynthesis. In summary, the process of photosynthesis is carried out by phytoplankton that use sunlight to convert CO2 into food (carbohydrates) and release O2.

temperature

Is one important factor to fish. Fish have a body temperature equal to the temperature environment (water). Temperature will affect: -
  

     Activities (Process excretion)
     movement
     food
     Growth And Breeding All Species


The ideal temperature between 25 º C ~ 32 º C. Temperature also plays a role in the process of "thermal stratification".





Dissolved oxygen

Just like humans, fish need O2 for the process of respiration (breathing). Amount of O2 needed by fish is dependent on the size, feed rate, activity level and temperature. To obtain a high growth rate of fish, fish should be bred at the optimal levels of O2. Low O2 content less than 5 ppm / l will cause the fish to feel depressed. At levels less than 2 ppm / l may cause fish kills.

Example of Goat House

The example of Goat House in Malaysia

Method hot to hanging minerals block to livestock

Mineral block is normally this block is to suspended at a height of head of livestock. Preferably suspended and do not make their put it down. This is because the animals will bite block and cause rupture.

Examples of cattle feed troughs

Examples of cattle feed troughs. Finely chopped napier grass (using a machine) is given to cattle

Boar Sheep